The types of citations, also called Citation styles, include rules that Citation to reference and source in scientific writing.

Often, the style guide and Citation method are published in an official manual with explanations, examples, and structure.

A variety of references and references in English

There are several different ways to cite the source. In the past, each subject and specialty had its Citation law, but today there is a greater tendency among universities and colleges to choose a method for doing so.

The most popular types of English references and references include APA,  Chicago, Harvard,  and MLA. These methods are widely used in many scientific specialties.

Differences between Citation in research paper and reference methods

When it comes to different types of Citation styles, there are two main characteristics.

The first is how a resource is written on the resource list page or “citations.” Are titles written in italic? Is the period or date at the bottom of each source listed?

The second characteristic of the method is the citation of the source within the text.

There are three different ways to Citation to the source in the text:

• Author-History Method: In this method, you directly mention the author’s name and the year of publication of the work in the place of the text that you Citation to the source. Except for the MLA method, which uses the author-page number system.
• Numerical method: In this method, you write the number of each source in the reference list, and anywhere in the text you want to Citation to that particular source, you only mention the number related to it.
• Marking Method: You write the source (abbreviated) in footnotes or footnotes.

In the following, we will have an overview of the reference styles that are most commonly used.

Citation type	Specialization and subject	Citation method
APA	social Sciences	Author-History
Harvard	Economy	Author-History
Vancouver	Medical Sciences	Numerical
Chicago A	Humanities	Marking
Chicago B	Humanities	Author-History
OSCOLA	Rights	Marking
MLA	Humanities (Linguistics)	Author-page number
IEEE	Hard Science (Like IT )	Numerical
Turabian	Humanities (Linguistics)	Marking
Turabian	Social Science	Author-History
AMA	Medical Sciences	Numerical
ACS	chemistry	The numerical, author-page number and marking
NLM	Medical Sciences	Numerical
AAA	Social Studies	Numerical
APSA	political science	Author-History
ABNT	Technical Sciences	Numerical, author-history

APA style Citation method

APA is one of the most popular citation methods in scientific writing. The APA- style reference method was developed by the American Psychological Association and is mostly used in the social sciences and psychology.

Today, many other specialties use this method to cite the source.

The APA method follows the author-date system, a method in which you briefly Citation to the source in the text and list all the references in full length in the list of sources.

An example of a reference to an APA- style book

APA in-text Citation

The book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world (Stuart and Simmons, 2010, p. 22).

Reference to the list of resources by APA method

Stewart, D .; & Simmons, M .; (2010) . Commercial playground: where creativity and business collide. Berkeley , USA : New Riders Press .

Harvard style reference method

Harvard’s method is often used in economics. There are no official guidelines for this style, meaning there are only a few small changes. Here are some tips to help you get started:

• Great Britain Standards Institute ( British Standards Institution )
• State Publishing Services Australia ( Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS) )

Like the APA method, Harvard follows the author-history system. This makes Harvard’s reference very similar to APA’s.

An example of a reference from a Harvard book

In-text references by Harvard method

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world (Stuart and Simmons, 2010, p. 22).

Refer to Harvard Resource List

Stewart, D .; & Simmons, M .; (2010) . Commercial Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Conflict, New Riders Press , Berkeley .

References to the style of Vancouver ( Vancouver )

The Vancouver style was presented by the International Committee of the Editors of Medical Journal ( ICMJE ) and is mostly used in the medical world. Instead of using the author-date system, the Vancouver style uses a numerical system. In writing, the source is identified by a number, while the source details are listed in a complete list of sources.

An example of a reference to a Vancouver-style book

How to Citation in-text in Vancouver method

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world. (1)

How to Citation in research paper to the list of resources by Vancouver method

1. Stewart D, M Simmons . Commercial playground: where creativity and business collide. Berkeley: New Riders Press : 2010.

References to the style of Chicago ( Chicago )

The Chicago Method is published by The Chicago Manual of Style and is used in the humanities. There are two different types of this style:

• Chicago A: You cite the source with complete information in the footnote or footnote and in the list of relevant books.
• Chicago B: You write the source briefly, in the author-date format, in writing, or in a catalog of books as a complete list of the source.

An example of a reference to a Chicago A- style book

How to Citation in Chicago A text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world.

How to Citation in research paperto Chicago A footnote or footnote

1 Dave Stewart and Mark Simmons ( Dave Stewart and Mark Simmons ), Playground Business: where creativity and commerce collide. (Berkeley: New Riders Press, 2010).

How to Citation to the Chicago A list of resources

Stuart, Dave and Mark Simmons. Commercial playground: where creativity and business collide. Berkeley: NewRiders Press, 2010.

An example of a reference to a Chicago B- style book

How to Citation to Chicago B text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world (Stuart and Simmons 2010, 22).

How to Citation to the Chicago B resource list

Stuart, Dave and Mark Simmons. 2020. Business Playground: Where Creativity and Business collide. Berkeley: New Riders Press.

OSCOLA style Citation

OSCOLA is used in law schools and is written in English. OSCOLA uses a marking system, which includes a complete description of the source in the footnote.

An example of a reference to an OSCOLA- style book

How to Citation in-text by OSCOLA method

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world.

How to Citation to OSCOLA footnotes

1 Dave Stuart and Mark Simmons, Business Playground: Where Creativity and Business Combine (New Riders Press, 2010)

How to Citation to the OSCOLA list of resources

Stuart D and Simmons M , Commercial Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Come together (Newwarders Press, 2010)

MLA style reference

The MLA style is provided by the Modern Language Association and is used specifically in linguistic studies. MLA follows the author-page number system.

How to Citation to MLA in text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world (Stuart and Simmons 22).

How to Citation to the list of resources

Stuart, Dave and Mark Simmons. Commercial playground: where creativity and business collide. Berkeley: NewRider Press 2010.

IEEE style reference

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) is a style of reference that is often used in the technical sciences, such as electrical engineering and IT. IEEE style can be used for specific sources. For all types of resources that are not covered by IEEE, the Chicago method is used. IEEE follows the numerical system.

An example of a reference to an IEEE- style book

How to Citation in research paper within IEEE text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world (1).

How to Citation to the list of resources using the IEEE method

D. Stuart and M. Simmons, The Playground of Business: Where Creativity and Business collide. Berkeley, USA : NewRiders Press, 2010.

Turabian style reference

Turabian is a type of reference that is very similar to the Chicago style. This type of Citation is specifically designed for students who write research papers or translate articles.

Just like the Chicago style, Turabian follows the marker and author-history system. Marking systems in the humanities (such as literature, history, and the arts) and author-history systems are used in the social sciences.

An example of a Turabian- style book reference with a marking system

How to Citation within the text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world.

How to Citation in research paper to the original source in footnotes

1 Dave Stuart and Mark Simmons, The Playground of Business: Where Creativity and Commerce Come together (Berkeley: Newward Press, 2010), P.22 .

Citation to the main source subset using footnotes

1 Stuartk and Simmons, the trading ground: where creativity and business come together. P.22 .

How to Citation to the list of resources

Stuart, Dave and Mark Simmons. Commercial playground: where creativity and business come together. Berkeley: NewRiders Press, 2010.

An example of a reference to a Turabian- style book using the author-history system

How to Citation within the text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world (Stuart and Simmons 2010, 22).

How to Citation to the list of resources

Stuart, Dave and Mark Simmons. 2020. Business Playground: Where Creativity and Business come together. Berkeley: NewRiders Press.

AMA Citation method

The AMA style is often used in the medical sciences and follows a numerical system. The numbers in the text are in bold and the page number is in parentheses.

An example of a reference to an AMA- style book

How to Citation to text in AMA

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world.1 (Page 3)

How to Citation to AMA resource list

Stuart D, Simmons M. Commercial playground: where creativity and business come together. Berkeley, USA : New Riders Press; 2010.

ACS Citation

The American Chemical Society ( ACS ) has provided a type of reference that is often used for research articles in the chemical sciences. The ACS style has three different models for in-text reference. The choice of style depends on the article. In the description on page 288, you can find out what type you should use for each article.

An example of a reference to an ACS style book

How to Citation within the text using footnotes

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world.

How to Citation within the text using a numeric system

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world. (1)

How to Citation in-text using the author-date system

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world. (Stuart and Simmons, 2010)

In the list of sources, when the author-date system is used, the sources are listed in alphabetical order, and when you follow the numerical system, the numbers are listed in order.

How to Citation to the list of resources

Stuart, D.; Simmons, m. Commercial playground: where creativity and business come together; NewRiders Press: Berkeley, 2010.

NLM style reference

The National Library of Medicine ( NLM ) is a style of reference used in the medical sciences. The NLM style uses a numeric system.

An example of a reference from an NLM- style book

How to Citation within the text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world. [1]

How to Citation in research paper to the list of resources

1. Stuart D, Simmons M. Commercial playground: where creativity and business come together. Berkeley: NewRiders Press; 2010.

AAA style reference

The American Anthropological Association ( AAA ) is a style of reference that is based on the Chicago style and is often used in social studies. AAA style uses the author-date system.

An example of a reference from an AAA book

How to Citation within the text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world. (Stuart and Simmons 2010, 22)

How to Citation in research paper to the list of resources

Stuart, Dave, and Mark Simmons

2010 Playground: where creativity and business come together. Berkeley: NewRiders Press.

APSA Citation

The American Political Science Review ( APSA ) has provided a style of reference that is primarily used in political science that has specific rules for US government documents. APSA uses the author-date system.

An example of a reference to an APSA- style book

How to Citation in research paper within the text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world. (Stuart and Simmons 2010)

How to Citation to the list of resources

Stuart, Dave, and Mark Simmons. 2010. Business Playground: Where Creativity and Business come together. Berkeley: NewRiders Press.

ABNT style reference

The International Association of Brazilian Standards ( Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas ) or ABNT is a style of reference used to standardize the format of scientific articles. This reference style is the main reference style in Brazil and other Portuguese-speaking countries.

The NB10520 rule explains which student who uses the ABNT style must choose between using a numeric system or a writer-date system to Citation to. If the student decides to use the author-date system, he must list the sources in the list of sources in alphabetical order, and if he wants to use the numerical system, he must also list the sources in order of numbers.

An example of a reference to a book by ABNT method according to the author-history system

How to Citation within the text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world. (Stewart; Simmons, 2014, p. 22).

How to Citation to the list of resources

1 Stewart, Dave; Simmons, Mark. Commercial playground: where creativity and business come together. Berkeley: NewRiders Press, 2014. *

An example of a reference to an ABNT- style book using a numeric system

How to Citation within the text

This book uses the success stories and personal experiences of the authors to create a creative revolution in the business world. (1)

How to Citation to the resource list

(1) Stuart, Dave; Simmons, Mark. Commercial playground: where creativity and business come together. Berkeley: Newward Press, 2014.

In this article, we have tried to explain all the citation methods and explain them by giving an example. If this article is helpful to you, we would be happy to share it with your friends and colleagues and share your thoughts and experiences on citation and reference writing methods in dissertations or articles in the comments section.

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